JULY 17, 1996: TWA Flight 800 suddenly explodes off Long Island, NY.

JULY 17, 1996: During the FBI’s final press conference on the crash (11/19/97) a reporter noted: “Within 24 hours of this disaster there were stories of military friendly fire circulating, they were not stories that happened later.” [4] Perhaps the first suggestion of a military link came from ABC News reporter Chris Bury who, after reporting a “pyrotechnic exercise” involving a C-130 aircraft, asked: “Did the C-130 have anything to do with tonight’s crash?” [5]

JULY 21, 1996: The Jerusalem Post reported that “French Defense Ministry experts” speculated that if Flight 800 was hit with a missile it must have come from the U.S. military, and “if the TWA plane was accidentally shot down by a military unit, it is unlikely that the US army will admit it.” [6]

JULY 24, 1996: Parveez Syed of Shanti RTV News Agency in London began an investigation into the possible role of the U.S. military in the sudden explosion of Flight 800. [7]

JULY 28, 1996: The Daily News mentions “persistent reports that military aircraft and ships were doing maneuvers in the area the night the jet went down—suggesting a tragic ‘friendly fire’ mistake.”

AUGUST 22, 1996: An “anonymous Internet document” [8] claiming that the US Navy did in fact accidentally shoot down Flight 800 circulated over the Internet. That document was written by retired United Airlines pilot Captain Richard Russell. Russell based his report on a trusted inside source who had attended a high-level briefing on the Flight 800 crash. Russell’s inside-sourced report was Pierre Salinger’s so-called “Internet document.” See footnote [1] for multiple accurate media reports about Russell’s document.

SEPTEMBER 5, 1996: WCBS News reporter Marcia Kramer reported: “Highly placed sources say [...] friendly fire is a possibility.” [9] CNBC’s Mike Jerrick reported: “Now shocking allegations are that the plane may have been hit by friendly fire from a U.S. missile, off course. [...] Marcia Kramer, WCBS Investigative reporter, says basically they’re saying a U.S. missile was fired and caused the explosion.” [10]

SEPTEMBER 17, 1996: Ian Goddard made his first input on the Flight 800 crash with a newsgroup post expressing his opinion favoring friendly fire based on a quoted media report of more than 100 eyewitnesses supporting the missile theory. [11] Thereafter, Goddard published a series of reports expressing his opinion on the crash. [3]

NOVEMBER 7, 1996: Pierre Salinger told a meeting of airline officials that a French Intelligence source with close ties to U.S. officials told him that Flight 800 was in fact accidently shot down by a Navy missile. Salinger’s source, whom he trusts, gave him Richard Russell’s report (ie, the “Internet document” cited previously) as it described what he knew. [1] Salinger made the error of assuming that Russell’s authoritative report was a government document.

Accurate news reports about Salinger’s sources

CNN (11/8/96): “alinger said he was basing the claims on information he saw in a document given to him six weeks ago by someone in French Intelligence with close contacts to U.S. officials.”

CNN (3/13/97): “Salinger first based his friendly fire claim on a memo Russell wrote and circulated on the Internet.” Russell’s memo is the document that Salinger’s French Intelligence source gave him noted in the previous CNN report.

USA Today (10/31/96): “Richard Russell, a retired United Airline pilot and former crash investigator, shouldn’t have been surprised when an authoritative sounding e-mail he sent to fewer than a dozen friends Aug. 22—claiming a government cover-up in the crash of TWA Flight 800—was copied across the ‘Net.’”

New York Times (11/17/96): “[The] anonymous message that began circulating in late August ... was written on America Online by Richard Russell, a 66-year-old Floridian and former United Airlines pilot. ... Russell can’t be accused of courting publicity. He says he has been contacted by several major television shows, but they’ve all lost interest because he won’t give up his source.”

The Westchester Weekly (1996) published a detailed and accurate review of Richard Russell and the Flight 800 friendly fire theory.

Accurate book reports about Salinger’s sources

Pat Milton (AP reporter) in her book In The Blink of an Eye writes: “Sometime in early October, Salinger was handed a copy of an unsigned document written, he was later told, by a former United Airlines pilot.” (page 266-7). Milton goes on to note in detail that the author and retired pilot was Richard Russell (see pages 272-5).

Christine Negroni (CNN reporter) accurately states in her book Deadly Departure that the author of the document that Salinger held as evidence was Richard Russell (see pages 109, 141-5).

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NOTE: the file to which the Richard Russell links here go is an affidavit from Russell filed in a lawsuit against the NTSB for their refusal to make mathematic equations available for peer review that allegedly support their claim that Flight 800 shot upwards like a missile after its forward section was blown away, causing witnesses to think they were seeing a missile. Numerous experts and others have filed affidavits in that case testifying against a wide range of claims the government has made about the TWA Flight 800 crash. Affidavits filed in this lawsuit are available here. Further details on this lawsuit are available here.

Here is a copy of Captain Richard Russell’s report (backup).

Inaccurate reports about Pierre Salinger

Jim Hall: “One of the effects of Drudge and others like him [...] seems to be a reduction by media generally in the time and effort devoted to checking stories. Perhaps the most notorious example of such abrogation of responsibility are the reports, derived solely from mischievous information placed on the web (via Usenet), that TWA flight 800, which crashed off Long Island in 1996, was brought down by a missile.” Hall, Jim. Online Journalism, A Critical Primer. London: Pluto Press, 2001, page 134.

The source of the friendly fire theory was not “mischievous information placed on the web” but media reports, the official investigation that reportedly investigated the Navy early on, Salinger’s French Intelligence contact, and Captain Richard Russell whose claims outlined in the report Salinger held were based on information relayed to him from a long-time friend who had just attended a high-level briefing on the Flight 800 crash. See the previous accurate-reports section for details.

Ronald De Wolk: “The consequences of these destructive elements suddenly grown from the Web were evident in an early debacle involving former newspaperman, network news correspondent and presidential spokesman Pierre Salinger. He announced to the world that he had discovered that the sudden explosion of TWA Flight 800 off the coast of Long Island, New York, in July 1996, was caused by a U.S. military missile. His announcement, because of his standing, was covered widely. When real reporters asked him to attribute his statement, he said he had read it on the Internet.

The sites Salinger used were run by non-journalists who had little or no concern about accuracy, multiple sourcing, independent verification, libel or fairness. The result of Salinger’s initial pronouncement and subsequent insistences resulted in a sad ending to a long and distinguished career.” De Wolk, Ronald. Introduction to Online Journalism, Publishing News and Information. Allyn & Bacon: 2001, page 172.

I contacted De Wolk about his errors, which are outlined here. As the contemporaneous CNN reports in the accurate-reports section above confirm, Salinger did not say he had “read it on the Internet” as De Wolk claims.

Kristina Borjesson: “Salinger announced to the world on November 8, 1996, that he’d received documents from French intelligence proving that a U.S. Navy missile had accidentally downed the jetliner. [...] Without a doubt, Salinger’s rushing to the press with a statement he couldn’t back up was incredibly irresponsible, and he got what he deserved.” Into The Buzzsaw. New York: Prometheus Books, 2002, pages 110, 116.

While I recommend Borjesson’s book (Prometheus Books), her comments on Salinger are inaccurate. In reality the press rushed to Salinger catching him unprepared rather than Salinger “rushing to the press.” Milton (pages 266-70) and Negroni (pages 141-5) cited in the accurate-reports section above give accurate accounts of this. As Negroni aptly puts it: “Salinger had mentioned TWA Flight 800 in a speech to aviation executives” (141). Being famous, Salinger gives lectures in various forums. On November 7, 1996 he happened to be speaking at an aviation conference in France and thus decided to mention what his friend in French Intelligence (the DGSE) had told him a month ago (Milton, 266). Then, an AP reporter who happened to be in the audience rushed to publish a report about Salinger’s allegation at the conference. Within hours the media and the FBI were rushing to Salinger’s door (not the other way around) and he found himself in the world spotlight.

Salinger’s certitude in the friendly fire claim rested with the trust he placed in his long-time friend in the DGSE, but scrambling for some concrete justification other than faith in a friend he relied on the papers his friend had given him a month ago errantly assuming they were government documents. The picture Borjesson paints in her book Into The Buzzsaw, of Salinger breathlessly rushing to the media is inaccurate and unfair because she uses it to denigrate, indeed to “buzzsaw,” someone who was subjected to more buzzsawing than anyone.

Salinger, a retired journalist had valid concerns about the crash and expressed them in a forum that seemed appropriate. When he spoke to the media that then rushed to him he was not speaking as an active investigative journalist, just as someone relaying what he had been told to people who were asking him. The mistake Salinger made was assuming that Captain Russell’s report was a government document.

Los Angeles Times (11/06/97) headline reads: “Author of Flight 800 Tale Admits Hoax.” The article falsely claims Ian Goddard created the friendly fire theory. See a factually accurate timeline of the friendly fire theory or claim here.

Omaha World Herald (11/8/97): Internet Hoax a Damaging Lesson [...] “the reputation of Pierre Salinger was tarnished by Goddard’s story. Salinger swallowed the story and went public with a condemnation of the government.”

Howard Kleinberg: “Ian Goddard who influenced former John Kennedy press chief Pierre Salinger to make a fool of himself last spring in not only accepting the missile theory, but claiming he had irrefutable evidence - which he did not.” The Tampa Tribune, November 9, 1997.

Roxanne Barber: “[...] Pierre Salinger, who reported in the fall of 1996 that TWA Flight 800 had been shot down by U.S. Navy missiles, a claim supported by ‘government documents’ in his possession. After a national stir, news reports revealed that the source of the ‘government’ information was Ian Goddard’s Web site.” The Quarterly, winter 2001.

REALITY: Salinger’s sources, documents, and belief in the friendly fire theory were based on a trusted French Intelligence source and Captain Richard Russell, not on Ian Goddard or his website. Goddard was also not a source of any original factual claims or alleged items of evidence regarding the Flight 800 crash. Russell’s document claiming that the Navy shot down Flight 800 was based on information relayed to him from a long-time friend who had just attended a high-level briefing on the Flight 800 crash. See the previous accurate-media-reports section above and Captain Richard Russell’s affidavit for details.

Here is a copy of Captain Richard Russell’s report (backup).